“Principles of traditional animation applied to 3D computer animation” by Lasseter

This paper describes the basic principles of traditional 2D hand drawn animation and their application to 3D computer animation. After describing how these principles evolved, the individual principles are detailed, addressing their meanings in 2D hand drawn animation and their application to 3D computer animation. This should demonstrate the importance of these principles to quality 3D computer animation.

1. Abel Image Research, 953 N. Highland Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90038-2481
2. Alias Research Inc., 110 Richmond St. East, Suite 500, Toronto, Ontario, Canada m5c- lpl
3. Blair, Preston, Animation, Walter T. Foster, Santa Ana CA, 1949.
4. Burmyk, Nester and Wein, Marceli, “Computer Generated Keyframe Animation,” Journal of the SMVrE 80, pp.149-153, March 1971.
5. Burtnyk, Nester and Wein, Marceli, “Interactive Skeleton Techniques for Enhanced Motion Dynamics in Key Frame Animation,” Communications of the ACM 19 (10), pp 564-569, October, 1976.
6. Catmull, Edwin, “A System for Computer Generated Movies,” Proceedings ACM Annual Conference, pp. 422-431, August 1972.
7. Catmull, Edwin, “The problems of Computer- Assisted Animation,” SIGGRAPH ’78, Computer Graphics, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 348-353, August 1978.
8. Cook, Robert L., “Stochastic Sampling in Computer Graphics,” ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 51-72, January 1986.
9. Cook, Robert L., Porter, Thomas, and Carpenter, Loren, “Distributed Ray Tracing,” SIGGRAPH ’84, Computer Graphics, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp.137-145, July, 1984.
10. Walt Disney Productions, Three Little Pigs, (film), 1933.
11. Gracer, F., and Blagen, M. W., “Karma” A System for Storyboard Animation,” Procee.ding Ninth Annual UAIDE Meeting, pp. 210-255, 1970.
12. Graham, Don, The Art of Animation, unpublished.
13. Graham, Don, transcripts of action analysis class at the Walt Disney Studio, June 21, 1937.
14. Graham, Don, transcripts of action analysis class with Bill Tytla at the Walt Disney Studio, June 28, 1937.
15. Hardtke, lnes, and Bartels, Richard, “Kinetics for Key-Frame Interpolation,” unpublished.
16. Kochanek, Doris, and Barrels, Richard, “Interpolating Splines with Local Tension, Continuity, and Bias Control,” SIGGRAPH ’84, Computer Graphics, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 33-41, July, 1984.
17. I.~voy, Marc, “A Color Animation System Based on the Multi-Plane Technique,” SIGGRAPH ’77, Computer Graphics, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 64-71, July, 1977.
18. Lucasfilm Ltd. Computer Graphics Div., The Adventures of Andre and Wally B., (fdm), 1984.
19. Ostby, Eben, Duff, Tom, and Reeves, William, Md (motion doctor), animation program, Lucasfilm Ltd., 1982-1986.
20. Perine, Robert, Chouinard, An Art Vision Betrayed , Artra Publishing, Encinitas CA, 1985.
21. Pixar, Luxo Jr., (film), 1986.
22. Reeves, William, “Inbetweening for Computer Animation Utilizing Moving Point Constraints,” SIGGRAPH ’81, Computer Graphics, Vol. 15, NO. 3, pp. 263-270, August 1981.
23. Rydstrom, Gary, Soundtraek for Luxo J r ., Sprocket Systems Div., Lucasfilm Ltd., July, 1986.
24. Stem, Garland, “Bboop–A System for 3D Keyframe Figure Animation,” Tutorial Notes: Introduction to Computer Animation , SIGGRAPH ’83, July 1983.
25. Symbolics Inc., 1401 Westwood Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024
26. Thomas, Frank and Johnston, Ollie, Disney Animation– The Illusion of Life, Abbeville Press, New York, 1981.
27. Thomas, Frank, “Can Classic Disney Animation Be Duplicated On The Computer?” Computer Pictures, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 20-26, luly/August 1984.
28. Vertigo Systems International Inc., 119 W. Pender St., Suite 221, Vancouver, BC, Canada v6b ls5
29. Wavefront Technologies, 530 East Montecito, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
30. Whitakcr, Harold and Halas, John, Timing for Animation , Focal Press, London, 1981.
31. White, Tony, The Animator’s Workbook, Watson-Gupfill, New York, 1996.