“Interactive skeleton techniques for enhancing motion dynamics in key frame animation” by Wein and Burtnyk

A significant increase in the capability for controlling motion dynamics in key frame animation is achieved through skeleton control. This technique allows an animator to develop a complex motion sequence by animating a stick figure representation of an image. This control sequence is then used to drive an image sequence through the same movement. The simplicity of the stick figure image encourages a high level of interaction during the design stage. Its compatibility with the basic key frame animation technique permits skeleton control to be applied selectively to only those components of a composite image sequence that require enhancement.

1. Burtnyk, N., and Wein, M. Computer generated key frame animation. J. Soc. Motion Picture and Television Engineers 80, 3 (1971), 149-153.
2. Burtnyk, N., and Wein, M. Towards a computer animating production tool. Proc. Eurocomp Conf., Brunel U., 1974, Online Pub. Co., 172-185.
3. Burtnyk, N., and Wein, M. Computer animation of free form images. Computer Graphics 9, 1 (1975), 78-80 (Issue of Proc. Second Ann. Conf. Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques). 
4. Baecker, R.M. Picture-driven animation. Proc. AFIPS 1969 SJCC, Vol. 34, AFIPS Press, Montvale, N.J., pp. 273-288.
5. Csuri, C. Real-time animation. Proc. Ninth Ann. Meeting UAIDE (Users of Automatic Inform. Display Equipment), Miami, 1970, pp. 289-305.
6. Burtnyk, N., et al. Computer graphics and film animation. Canadian J. Operational Res. and Inform. Processing (INFOR) 9, 1 (1971), 1-11.
7. Burtnyk, N., and Wein, M. A computer animation system for the animator. Proc. Tenth Ann. Meeting UAIDE (Users of Automatic Inform. Display Equipment), Los Angeles, 1971, pp. 3.5- 3.24.
8. Blum, H. A transformation for extracting new descriptors of shape. In Models of Speech and Visual Form, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1967, pp. 362-380.
9. Honey, F.J. Computer animated episodes by single axis rotations-CAESAR. Proc. Tenth Ann. Meeting UAIDE (Users of Automatic Inform. Display Equipment), Los Angeles, 1971, pp. 3-210 to 3-226.
10. Catmull, E. Computer display of curved surfaces. Proc. Conf. Computer Graphics, Pattern Recognition and Data Structure, May 1975, pp. 11-17 (IEEE Cat. No. 75CH0981-IC).
11. 11Akima, H. A new method of interpolation and smooth curve fitting based on local procedures. J. ACM 17, 4 (1970), 589-602.