“2.5D cartoon models” by Rivers, Igarashi and Durand

We present a way to bring cartoon objects and characters into the third dimension, by giving them the ability to rotate and be viewed from any angle. We show how 2D vector art drawings of a cartoon from different views can be used to generate a novel structure, the 2.5D cartoon model, which can be used to simulate 3D rotations and generate plausible renderings of the cartoon from any view. 2.5D cartoon models are easier to create than a full 3D model, and retain the 2D nature of hand-drawn vector art, supporting a wide range of stylizations that need not correspond to any real 3D shape.

1. Alexa, M., Cohen-Or, D., and Levin, D. 2000. As-rigid-as-possible shape interpolation. Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques – SIGGRAPH ’00, 157–164. Google ScholarDigital Library
2. Blair, P. 1994. Cartoon Animation. Walter Foster.Google Scholar
3. Bourguignon, D., Cani, M.-P., and Drettakis, G. 2001. Drawing for Illustration and Annotation in 3D. Computer Graphics Forum 20, 3 (September), 114–123.Google ScholarCross Ref
4. Decaudin, P., 1996. Cartoon Looking Rendering of 3D Scenes.Google Scholar
5. Eisemann, E., Paris, S., and Durand, F. 2009. A visibility algorithm for converting 3D meshes into editable 2D vector graphics. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 28, 3. Google ScholarDigital Library
6. Fiore, F. D., Schaeken, P., Elens, K., and Reeth, F. V., 2001. Automatic In-betweening in Computer Assisted Animation by Exploiting 2.5D Modelling Techniques.Google Scholar
7. Gingold, Y., Igarashi, T., and Zorin, D. 2009. Structured annotations for 2D-to-3D modeling. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 28, 5,–18. Google ScholarDigital Library
8. Gooch, B., and Gooch, A. 2001. Non-Photorealistic Rendering. AK Peters Ltd. Google ScholarDigital Library
9. Hsu, S. C., and Lee, I. H. H. 1994. Drawing and animation using skeletal strokes. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Google ScholarDigital Library
10. Igarashi, T., Matsuoka, S., and Tanaka, H. 1999. Teddy: A Sketching Interface for 3D Freeform Design. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Google ScholarDigital Library
11. Igarashi, T., Moscovich, T., and Hughes, J. F. 2005. Spatial keyframing for performance-driven animation. Symposium on Computer Animation. Google ScholarDigital Library
12. Igarashi, T., Moscovich, T., and Hughes, J. F. 2005. As-rigid-as-possible shape manipulation. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 24, 3. Google ScholarDigital Library
13. Johnston, O., and Thomas, F. 1981. The Illusion of Life. Abbeville Press.Google Scholar
14. Kalnins, R. D., Markosian, L., Meier, B. J., Kowalski, M. a., Lee, J. C., Davidson, P. L., Webb, M., Hughes, J. F., and Finkelstein, A. 2002. WYSIWYG NPR: drawing strokes directly on 3D models. ACM Transactions on Graphics 21, 3 (July). Google ScholarDigital Library
15. Kowalski, M. A., Markosian, L., Northrup, J. D., Bourdev, L., Barzel, R., Holden, L. S., and Hughes, J. F. 1999. Art-based rendering of fur, grass, and trees. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Google ScholarDigital Library
16. McCann, J., and Pollard, N. 2009. Local layering. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 28, 3. Google ScholarDigital Library
17. Nealen, A., Igarashi, T., Sorkine, O., and Alexa, M. 2007. FiberMesh: designing freeform surfaces with 3D curves. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) 26, 3. Google ScholarDigital Library
18. Ngo, T., Cutrell, D., Dana, J., Donald, B., Loeb, L., and Zhu, S. 2000. Accessible animation and customizable graphics via simplicial configuration modeling. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Google ScholarDigital Library
19. Northrup, J. D., and Markosian, L. 2000. Artistic silhouettes: a hybrid approach. Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering. Google ScholarDigital Library
20. Rademacher, P. 1999. View-dependent geometry. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Google ScholarDigital Library
21. Sederberg, T. W., and Greenwood, E. 1992. A physically based approach to 2D shape blending. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Google ScholarDigital Library
22. Seitz, S. M., and Dyer, C. R. 1996. View morphing. Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques – SIGGRAPH ’96, 21–30. Google ScholarDigital Library
23. Sýkora, D., Sedláĉek, D., Jinchao, S., Dingliana, J., and Collins, S. 2010. Adding Depth to Cartoons Using Sparse Depth (In)equalities. Computer Graphics Forum 29, 2.Google ScholarCross Ref
24. Yonezawa, K., Takahashi, S., and Shibayama, E. 2004. SilF: a sketching tool for cartoon-like pseudo-3D illustrations based on 3D outlines. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Google ScholarDigital Library
25. Zeleznik, R. C., Herndon, K. P., and Hughes, J. F. 1996. SKETCH: An Interface for Sketching 3D Scenes. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Google ScholarDigital Library