“Modeling anisotropic surface reflectance with example-based microfacet synthesis” by Wang, Zhao, Tong, Snyder and Guo

We present a new technique for the visual modeling of spatiallyvarying anisotropic reflectance using data captured from a single view. Reflectance is represented using a microfacet-based BRDF which tabulates the facets’ normal distribution (NDF) as a function of surface location. Data from a single view provides a 2D slice of the 4D BRDF at each surface point from which we fit a partial NDF. The fitted NDF is partial because the single view direction coupled with the set of light directions covers only a portion of the “half-angle” hemisphere. We complete the NDF at each point by applying a novel variant of texture synthesis using similar, overlapping partial NDFs from other points. Our similarity measure allows azimuthal rotation of partial NDFs, under the assumption that reflectance is spatially redundant but the local frame may be arbitrarily oriented. Our system includes a simple acquisition device that collects images over a 2D set of light directions by scanning a linear array of LEDs over a flat sample. Results demonstrate that our approach preserves spatial and directional BRDF details and generates a visually compelling match to measured materials.

1. Ashikhmin, M., and Shirley, P. 2000. An anisotropic phong BRDF model. Journal of Graphics Tools 5, 2, 25–32. Google ScholarDigital Library
2. Ashikmin, M., Premože, S., and Shirley, P. 2000. A microfacet-based BRDF generator. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 65–74. Google ScholarDigital Library
3. Beckmann, P. 1965. Shadowing of random rough surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 13, 384–388.Google ScholarCross Ref
4. Cook, R. L., and Torrance, K. E. 1981. A reflectance model for computer graphics. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 81), 307–316. Google ScholarDigital Library
5. Dana, K. J., Nayar, S. K., van Ginneken, B., and Koenderink, J. J. 1999. Reflectance and texture of real-world surfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics 18, 1, 1–34. Google ScholarDigital Library
6. Dana, K. J. 2001. BRDF/BTF measurement device. In Proceedings of Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, vol. 2, 460–466.Google ScholarCross Ref
7. Debevec, P. E., and Malik, J. 1997. Recovering high dynamic range radiance maps from photographs. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 1997, Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 369–378. Google ScholarDigital Library
8. Debevec, P., Hawkins, T., Tchou, C., Duiker, H.-P., Sarokin, W., and Sagar, M. 2000. Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 145–156. Google ScholarDigital Library
9. Efros, A. A., and Freeman, W. T. 2001. Image quilting for texture synthesis and transfer. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 341–346. Google ScholarDigital Library
10. Gardner, A., Tchou, C., Hawkins, T., and Debevec, P. 2003. Linear light source reflectometry. ACM Transactions on Graphics 22, 3, 749–758. Google ScholarDigital Library
11. Garg, G., Talvala, E.-V., Levoy, M., and Lensch, H. P. A. 2006. Symmetric photography: exploiting data-sparseness in reflectance fields. In Eurographics Workshop/ Symposium on Rendering, Eurographics Association, Nicosia, Cyprus, 251–262. Google ScholarDigital Library
12. Goldman, D. B., Curless, B., Hertzmann, A., and Seitz, S. M. 2005. Shape and spatially-varying BRDFs from photometric stereo. In International Conference on Computer Vision, I: 341–348. Google ScholarDigital Library
13. Gortler, S. J., Grzeszczuk, R., Szeliski, R., and Cohen, M. F. 1996. The lumigraph. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 1996, Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 43–54. Google ScholarDigital Library
14. Gu, J., Tu, C.-I., Ramamoorthi, R., Belhumeur, P., Matusik, W., and Nayar, S. 2006. Time-varying surface appearance: acquisition, modeling and rendering. ACM Transactions on Graphics 25, 3, 762–771. Google ScholarDigital Library
15. Han, J. Y., and Perlin, K. 2003. Measuring bidirectional texture reflectance with a kaleidoscope. ACM Transactions on Graphics 22, 3, 741–748. Google ScholarDigital Library
16. Irawan, P., and Marschner, S. R. 2006. A simple, accurate texture model for woven cotton cloth. Technical report PCG-06-01, Program of Computer Graphics, Cornell University, June.Google Scholar
17. Kajiya, J. T. 1985. Anisotropic reflection models. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 85), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 15–21. Google ScholarDigital Library
18. Kwatra, V., Schödl, A., Essa, I., Turk, G., and Bobick, A. 2003. Graphcut textures: Image and video synthesis using graph cuts. ACM Transactions on Graphics 22, 3 (July), 277–286. Google ScholarDigital Library
19. Lafortune, E. P. F., Foo, S.-C., Torrance, K. E., and Greenberg, D. P. 1997. Non-linear approximation of reflectance functions. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 1997, Computer Graphics Proceeding, Annual Conference Series, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 117–126. Google ScholarDigital Library
20. Lawrence, J., Ben-Artzi, A., Decoro, C., Matusik, W., Pfister, H., Ramamoorthi, R., and Rusinkiewicz, S. 2006. Inverse shade trees for non-parametric material representation and editing. ACM Transactions on Graphics 25, 3, 735–745. Google ScholarDigital Library
21. Lensch, H. P. A., Kautz, J., Goesele, M., Heidrich, W., and Seidel, H.-P. 2003. Image-based reconstruction of spatial appearance and geometric detail. ACM Transaction on Graphics 22, 2 (Apr.), 234–257. Google ScholarDigital Library
22. Lensch, H. P. A., Lang, J., Sá, A. M., and Seidel, H.-P. 2003. Planned sampling of spatially varying BRDFs. Computer Graphics Forum 22, 3, 473–482.Google ScholarCross Ref
23. Marschner, S. R., Jensen, H. W., Cammarano, M., Worley, S., and Hanrahan, P. 2003. Light scattering from human hair fibers. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2003, J. Hodgins and J. C. Hart, Eds., vol. 22(3) of ACM Transactions on Graphics, 780–791. Google ScholarDigital Library
24. Marschner, S. R., Westin, S. H., Arbree, A., and Moon, J. T. 2005. Measuring and modeling the appearance of finished wood. ACM Transactions on Graphics 24, 3 (July), 727–734. Google ScholarDigital Library
25. Matusik, W., Pfister, H., Brand, M., and McMillan, L. 2003. A data-driven reflectance model. ACM Transactions on Graphics 22, 3, 759–769. Google ScholarDigital Library
26. McAllister, D. K., Lastra, A. A., and Heidrich, W. 2002. Efficient rendering of spatial bi-directional reflectance distribution functions. In Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics/SIGGRAPH workshop on graphics hardware (EGGH-02), ACM Press, New York, S. N. Spencer, Ed., 79–88. Google ScholarDigital Library
27. Mount, D., and Arya, S. 1997. ANN: A library for approximate nearest neighbor searching. In CGC 2nd Annual Fall Workshop on Computational Geometry.Google Scholar
28. Muller, G., Meseth, J., Sattler, M., Sarlette, R., and Klein, R. 2005. Acquisition, synthesis, and rendering of bidirectional texture functions. Computer Graphics Forum 24, 1, 83–109.Google ScholarCross Ref
29. Ngan, A., Durand, F., and Matusik, W. 2005. Experimental analysis of BRDF models. In Rendering Techniques 2005: 16th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 117–126. Google ScholarCross Ref
30. Nicodemus, F. E., Richmond, J. C., Hsia, J. J., Ginsberg, I. W., and Limperis, T. 1977. Geometric considerations and nomenclature for reflectance. Monograph 161, National Bureau of Standards (US)Google Scholar
31. Poulin, P., and Fournier, A. 1990. A model for anisotropic reflection. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 90), F. Baskett, Ed., vol. 24, 273–282. Google ScholarDigital Library
32. Press, W. H., et al. 1992. Numerical recipes in C (second edition). Cambridge University Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
33. Rusinkiewicz, S. M. 1998. A new change of variables for efficient BRDF representation. In Rendering Techniques (Proceeding of Eurographics Workshop on Rendering), 11–22.Google ScholarCross Ref
34. Smith, B. G. 1967. Geometrical shadowing of a random rough surface. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 15, 668–671.Google ScholarCross Ref
35. Ward, G. J. 1992. Measuring and modeling anisotropic reflection. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 92), ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, 265–272. Google ScholarDigital Library
36. Westin, S. H., Arvo, J. R., and Torrance, K. E. 1992. Predicting reflectance functions from complex surfaces. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 92), ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, 255–264. Google ScholarDigital Library
37. Weyrich, T., Lawrence, J., Lensch, H. P. A., Rusinkiewicz, S., and Zickler, T. 2007. Principles of appearance acquisition and representation. In Short Course ICCV 2007.Google Scholar
38. Yasuda, T., Yokoi, S., Ichiro Toriwaki, J., and Inagaki, K. 1992. A shading model for cloth objects. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 12, 6 (Nov.), 15–24. Google ScholarDigital Library
39. Zhang, Z. 2000. A flexible new technique for camera calibration. In IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 22, 1330–1334. Google ScholarDigital Library
40. Zickler, T., Enrique, S., Ramamoorthi, R., and Belhumeur, P. 2005. Reflectance sharing: image-based rendering from a sparse set of images. In Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, Eurographics Association, Konstanz, Germany, K. Bala and P. Dutré, Eds., 253–264. Google ScholarCross Ref