“Interactive global illumination in dynamic scenes”

In this paper, we present a system for interactive computation of global illumination in dynamic scenes. Our system uses a novel scheme for caching the results of a high quality pixel-based renderer such as a bidirectional path tracer. The Shading Cache is an object-space hierarchical subdivision mesh with lazily computed shading values at its vertices. A high frame rate display is generated from the Shading Cache using hardware-based interpolation and texture mapping. An image space sampling scheme refines the Shading Cache in regions that have the most interpolation error or those that are most likely to be affected by object or camera motion.Our system handles dynamic scenes and moving light sources efficiently, providing useful feedback within a few seconds and high quality images within a few tens of seconds, without the need for any pre-computation. Our approach allows us to significantly outperform other interactive systems based on caching ray-tracing samples, especially in dynamic scenes. Based on our results, we believe that the Shading Cache will be an invaluable tool in lighting design and modelling while rendering.

1. AUPPERLE, L., AND HANRAHAN, P. 1993. A hierarchical illumination algorithm for surfaces with glossy reflection. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 93 (August), 155-162. ISBN 0-201-58889-7. Held in Anaheim, California. Google Scholar
2. BALA, K., DORSEY, J., AND TELLER, S. 1999. Radiance interpolants for accelerated bounded-error ray tracing. ACM Transactions on Graphics 18, 3 (July), 213-256. ISSN 0730-0301. Google Scholar
3. BASTOS, R., HOFF, K., WYNN, W., AND LASTRA, A. 1999. Increased photorealism for interactive architectural walkthroughs. 1999 ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics (April), 183-190. ISBN 1-58113-082-1. Google Scholar
4. BISHOP, G., FUCHS, H., MCMILLAN, L., AND ZAGIER, E. J. S. 1994. Frameless rendering: Double buffering considered harmful. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94 (July), 175-176. ISBN 0-89791-667-0. Held in Orlando, Florida. Google Scholar
5. CHEN, S. E., RUSHMEIER, H. E., MILLER, G., AND TURNER, D. 1991. A progressive multi-pass method for global illumination. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 91) 25, 4 (July), 165-174. ISBN 0-201-56291-X. Held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Google Scholar
6. CHEN, S. E. 1990. Incremental radiosity: An extension of progressive radiosity to an interactive image synthesis system. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 90), vol. 24, 135-144. ISBN 0-201-50933-4. Google Scholar
7. COOK, R. L., CARPENTER, L., AND CATMULL, E. 1987. The reyes image rendering architecture. In Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 87), no. 4, 95-102. Google Scholar
8. DARSA, L., AND COSTA, B. 1996. Multiresolution representation and reconstruction of adaptively sampled images. Proceedings of SIBGRAPI 96 (October), 321-328.Google Scholar
9. DIEFENBACH, P. J., AND BADLER, N. I. 1997. Multi-pass pipeline rendering: Realism for dynamic environments. 1997 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics (April), 59-70. ISBN 0-89791-884-3. Google Scholar
10. DRETTAKIS, G., AND SILLION, F. X. 1997. Interactive update of global illumination using a line-space hierarchy. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97 (August), 57-64. ISBN 0-89791-896-7. Held in Los Angeles, California. Google Scholar
11. DUMONT, R., PELLACINI, F., AND FERWERDA, J. A. 2001. A perceptually-based texture caching algorithm for hardware-based rendering. In Rendering Techniques 2001: 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Eurographics, 249-256. ISBN 3-211-83709-4. Google Scholar
12. GORAL, C. M., TORRANCE, K. E., GREENBERG, D. P., AND BATTAILE, B. 1984. Modelling the interaction of light between diffuse surfaces. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 84) 18, 3 (July), 213-222. Held in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Google Scholar
13. GRANIER, X., AND DRETTAKIS, G. 2001. Incremental updates for rapid glossy global illumination. Computer Graphics Forum 20, 3, 268-277. ISSN 1067-7055.Google Scholar
14. GRANIER, X., DRETTAKIS, G., AND WALTER, B. 2000. Fast global illumination including specular effects. Rendering Techniques 2000: 11th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (June), 47-58. ISBN 3-211-83535-0. Google Scholar
15. GUO, B. 1998. Progressive radiance evaluation using directional coherence maps. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 98 (July), 255-266. ISBN 0-89791-999-8. Held in Orlando, Florida. Google Scholar
16. HALTON, J., AND WELLER, G. 1964. Algorithm 247: Radical inverse quasi-random point sequence. Comm. ACM, 701-702. Google Scholar
17. HANRAHAN, P., SALZMAN, D., AND AUPPERLE, L. 1991. A rapid hierarchical radiosity algorithm. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 91) 25, 4 (July), 197-206. ISBN 0-201-56291-X. Held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Google Scholar
18. HART, D., DUTRÉ, P., AND GREENBERG, D. P. 1999. Direct illumination with lazy visibility evaluation. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99 (August), 147-154. ISBN 0-20148-560-5. Held in Los Angeles, California. Google Scholar
19. HOLZSCHUCH, N., CUNY, F., AND ALONSO, L. 2000. Wavelet radiosity on arbitrary planar surfaces. In Rendering Techniques 2000: 11th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Eurographics, 161-172. ISBN 3-211-83535-0. Google Scholar
20. JENSEN, H. W. 1996. Global illumination using photon maps. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1996 (June), 21-30. ISBN 3-211-82883-4. Held in Porto, Portugal. Google Scholar
21. KAJIYA, J. T. 1986. The rendering equation. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 86) 20, 4 (August), 143-150. Held in Dallas, Texas. Google Scholar
22. LARSON, G. W., AND SIMMONS, M. 1999. The holodeck ray cache: An interactive rendering system for global illumination in non-diffuse environments. ACM Transactions on Graphics 18, 4 (October), 361-368. ISSN 0730-0301. Google Scholar
23. LINDHOLM, E., KILGARD, M. J., AND MORETON, H. 2001. A user-programmable vertex engine. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2001 (August), 149-158. ISBN 1-58113-292-1. Google Scholar
24. MCCOOL, M. D., ANG, J., AND AHMAD, A. 2001. Homomorphic factorization of brdfs for high-performance rendering. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2001 (August), 171-178. ISBN 1-58113-292-1. Google Scholar
25. MYSZKOWSKI, K., TAWARA, T., AKAMINE, H., AND SEIDEL, H.-P. 2001. Perception-guided global illumination solution for animation rendering. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2001 (August), 221-230. ISBN 1-58113-292-1. Google Scholar
26. PARKER, S., MARTIN, W., SLOAN, P.-P. J., SHIRLEY, P., SMITS, B., AND HANSEN, C. 1999. Interactive ray tracing. 1999 ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics (April), 119-126. ISBN 1-58113-082-1. Google Scholar
27. PELLACINI, F., FERWERDA, J. A., AND GREENBERG, D. P. 2000. Toward a psychophysically-based light reflection model for image synthesis. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2000 (July), 55-64. ISBN 1-58113-208-5. Google Scholar
28. PIGHIN, F. P., LISCHINSKI, D., AND SALESIN, D. 1997. Progressive previewing of ray-traced images using image plane discontinuity meshing. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1997 (June), 115-126. ISBN 3-211-83001-4. Held in St. Etienne, France. Google Scholar
29. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, M., PATTANAIK, S. N., AND GREENBERG, D. P. 1999. A perceptually based physical error metric for realistic image synthesis. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99 (August), 73-82. ISBN 0-20148-560-5. Held in Los Angeles, California. Google Scholar
30. SCHAUFLER, G., DORSEY, J., DECORET, X., AND SILLION, F. X. 2000. Conservative volumetric visibility with occluder fusion. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 2000 (July), 229-238. ISBN 1-58113-208-5. Google Scholar
31. SEGAL, M., KOROBKIN, C., VAN WIDENFELT, R., FORAN, J., AND HAEBERLI, P. E. 1992. Fast shadows and lighting effects using texture mapping. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92) 26, 2 (July), 249-252. ISBN 0-201-51585-7. Held in Chicago, Illinois. Google Scholar
32. SILLION, F. X., DRETTAKIS, G., AND SOLER, C. 1995. A clustering algorithm for radiance calculation in general environments. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1995 (June), 196-205. Held in Dublin, Ireland.Google Scholar
33. SIMMONS, M., AND SÉQUIN, C. H. 2000. Tapestry: A dynamic mesh-based display representation for interactive rendering. Rendering Techniques 2000: 11th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (June), 329-340. ISBN 3-211-83535-0. Google Scholar
34. SMITS, B. E., ARVO, J. R., AND SALESIN, D. H. 1992. An importance-driven radiosity algorithm. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92) 26, 2 (July), 273-282. ISBN 0-201-51585-7. Held in Chicago, Illinois. Google Scholar
35. STAMMINGER, M., SCHEEL, A., GRANIER, X., PEREZ-CAZORLA, F., DRETTAKIS, G., AND SILLION, F. X. 1999. Efficient glossy global illumination with interactive viewing. Graphics Interface ’99 (June), 50-57. ISBN 1-55860-632-7. Google Scholar
36. STAMMINGER, M., HABER, J., SCHIRMACHER, H., AND SEIDEL, H.-P. 2000. Walkthroughs with corrective texturing. Rendering Techniques 2000: 11th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (June), 377-390. ISBN 3-211-83535-0. Google Scholar
37. STÜRZLINGER, W., AND BASTOS, R. 1997. Interactive rendering of globally illuminated glossy scenes. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1997 (June), 93-102. ISBN 3-211-83001-4. Held in St. Etienne, France. Google Scholar
38. TELLER, S., BALA, K., AND DORSEY, J. 1996. Conservative radiance interpolants for ray tracing. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1996 (June), 257-268. ISBN 3-211-82883-4. Held in Porto, Portugal. Google Scholar
39. TUMBLIN, J., HODGINS, J. K., AND GUENTER, B. K. 1999. Two methods for display of high contrast images. 56-94. ISSN 0730-0301. Google Scholar
40. UDESHI, T., AND HANSEN, C. 1999. Towards interactive, photorealistic rendering of indoor scenes: A hybrid approach. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1999 (June). Held in Granada, Spain. Google Scholar
41. VEACH, E., AND GUIBAS, L. 1994. Bidirectional estimators for light transport. In Fifth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 147-162.Google Scholar
42. WALD, I., SLUSALLEK, P., BENTHIN, C., AND WAGNER, M. 2001. Interactive rendering with coherent ray tracing. Computer Graphics Forum 20, 3, 153-164. ISSN 1067-7055.Google Scholar
43. WALTER, B., ALPPAY, G., LAFORTUNE, E. P. F., FERNANDEZ, S., AND GREENBERG, D. P. 1997. Fitting virtual lights for non-diffuse walkthroughs. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97 (August), 45-48. ISBN 0-89791-896-7. Held in Los Angeles, California. Google Scholar
44. WALTER, B., HUBBARD, P. M., SHIRLEY, P., AND GREENBERG, D. F. 1997. Global illumination using local linear density estimation. ACM Transactions on Graphics 16, 3 (July), 217-259. ISSN 0730-0301. Google Scholar
45. WALTER, B., DRETTAKIS, G., AND PARKER, S. 1999. Interactive rendering using the render cache. Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1999 (June). Held in Granada, Spain. Google Scholar
46. WARD, G. J. 1994. The radiance lighting simulation and rendering system. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94 (July), 459-472. ISBN 0-89791-667-0. Held in Orlando, Florida. Google Scholar
47. WHITTED, T. 1980. An improved illumination model for shaded display. Communications of the ACM 23, 6 (June), 343-349. Google Scholar
48. WILLMOTT, A., HECKBERT, P. S., AND GARLAND, M. 1999. Face cluster radiosity. In Eurographics Rendering Workshop 1999, Springer Wein / Eurographics, Granada, Spain. Google Scholar
49. YEE, H., PATTANAIK, S., AND GREENBERG, D. P. 2001. Spatiotemporal sensitivity and visual attention for efficient rendering of dynamic environments. ACM Transactions on Graphics 20, 1 (January), 39-65. ISSN 0730-0301. Google Scholar