“Bubbling and frothing liquids” by Cleary, Pyo, Prakash and Koo

We present a discrete particle based method capable of creating very realistic animations of bubbles in fluids. It allows for the generation (nucleation) of bubbles from gas dissolved in the fluid, the motion of the discrete bubbles including bubble collisions and drag interactions with the liquid which could be undergoing complex free surface motion, the formation and motion of coupled foams and the final dissipation of bubbles. This allows comprehensive simulations of dynamic bubble behavior. The underlying fluid simulation is based on the mesh-free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method. Each particle representing the liquid contains an amount of dissolved gas. Gas is transferred from the continuum fluid model to the discrete bubble model at nucleation sites on the surface of solid bodies. The rate of gas transport to the nucleation sites controls the rate of bubble generation, producing very natural time variations in bubble numbers. Rising bubbles also grow by gathering more gas from the surrounding liquid as they move. This model contains significant bubble scale physics and allows, in principle, the capturing of many important processes that cannot be directly modeled by traditional methods. The method is used here to realistically animate the pouring of a glass of beer, starting with a stream of fresh beer entering the glass, the formation of a dense cloud of bubbles, which rise to create a good head as the beer reaches the top of the glass.

1. Cleary, P. W., and Prakash, M. 2004. Discrete element modelling and smooth particle hydrodynamics: potential in the environmental sciences. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 362, 2003–2030.Google ScholarCross Ref
2. Cleary, P., Prakash, M., Ha, J., Stokes, N., and Scott, C. 2007. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Status and future potential. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics 7, 70–90.Google ScholarCross Ref
3. Cleary, P. W. 1998. Modelling confined multi-material heat and mass flows using SPH. App. Math. Modelling 22, 981–993.Google ScholarCross Ref
4. Cleary, P. W. 2004. Large scale industrial DEM modelling. Engineering Computations 21, 169–204.Google ScholarCross Ref
5. Desbrun, M., and Gascuel, M. P. 1996. Smoothed particles: A new paradigm for animating highly deformable bodies. In Proceedings of SCA 1996, Springer-Verlag, R. Boulic and G. Hegron, Eds., 61–76. Google ScholarDigital Library
6. Enright, D., Marschner, S., and Fedkiw, R. 2002. Animation and rendering of complex water surfaces. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2002, ACM Press, 736–744. Google ScholarDigital Library
7. Foster, N., and Fedkiw, R. 2001. Practical animation of liquids. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, ACM Press, 23–30. Google ScholarDigital Library
8. Foster, N., and Metaxas, D. 1996. Realistic animation of liquids. Graph. Models Image Process. 58, 5, 471–483. Google ScholarDigital Library
9. Geiger, W., Leo, M., Rasmussen, N., Losasso, F., and Fedkiw, R. 2006. So real it’ll make you wet. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Sketch. Google ScholarDigital Library
10. Gingold, R. A., and Monaghan, J. J. 1977. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: Theory and application to non-spherical stars. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 181, 375–389.Google ScholarCross Ref
11. Greenwood, S. T., and House, D. H. 2004. Better with bubbles: enhancing the visual realism of simulated fluid. In Proceedings of SCA 2004, ACM Press, 287–296. Google ScholarDigital Library
12. Hong, J.-M., and Kim, C.-H. 2003. Animation of bubbles in liquid. Computer Graphics Forum 22, 3, 253–262.Google ScholarCross Ref
13. Hong, J.-M., and Kim, C.-H. 2005. Discontinuous fluids. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2005, ACM Press, 915–920. Google ScholarDigital Library
14. Kajiya, J. T., and Herzen, B. V. 1984. Ray tracing volume densities. Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 1984 18, 3, 165–174. Google ScholarDigital Library
15. Kim, J., Cha, D., Chang, B., Koo, B., and Ihm, I. 2006. Practical animation of turbulent splashing water. In Proceedings of SCA 2006, Eurographics Association, 335–344. Google ScholarDigital Library
16. Kuck, H., Vogelgsang, C., and Greiner, G. 2002. Simulation and rendering of liquid foams. Graphics Interface, 81–88.Google Scholar
17. Mihalef, V., Unlusu, B., Sussman, M., and Metaxas, D. 2006. Physics-based boiling simulation. In Proceedings of SCA 2006, Eurographics Association, 317–324. Google ScholarDigital Library
18. Monaghan, J. J. 1992. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30, 543–574.Google ScholarCross Ref
19. Monaghan, J. J. 1994. Simulating free surface flows with SPH. J. Comp. Phys. 110, 399–406. Google ScholarDigital Library
20. Monaghan, J. J. 2005. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Report on Progress in Physics 68, 1703–1759.Google ScholarCross Ref
21. Muller, M., Charypar, P., and Gross, M. 2003. Particle-based fluid simulation for interactive applications. In Proceedings of SCA 2003, Eurographics Association, 154–159. Google ScholarDigital Library
22. Muller, M., Solenthaler, B., Keiser, R., and Gross, M. 2005. Particle-based fluid-fluid interaction. In Proceedings of SCA 2005, ACM Press, 237–244. Google ScholarDigital Library
23. Premoze, S., Tasdizen, T., Bigler, J., Lefohn, A., and Whitaker, R. T. 2003. Particle-based simulation of fluids. Computer Graphics Forum 22, 3.Google ScholarCross Ref
24. Song, O.-Y., Shin, H., and Ko, H.-S. 2005. Stable but nondissipative water. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2005, ACM Press, 81–97.Google Scholar
25. Stam, J. 1999. Stable fluids. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 1999, ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 121–128. Google ScholarDigital Library
26. Takahashi, T., Fujii, H., Kunimatsu, A., Hiwada, K., Saito, T., Tanaka, K., and Ueki, H. 2003. Realisitc animation of fluid with splash and foam. Computer Graphics Forum 22, 3, 391–400.Google ScholarCross Ref
27. Thürey, N., Rude, U., and Stamminger, M. 2006. Animation of open water phenomena with coupled shallow water and free surface simulations. In Proceedings of SCA 2006, Eurographics Association, 157–166. Google ScholarDigital Library
28. Wang, H., Mucha, P. J., and Turk, G. 2005. Water drops on surfaces. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2005, ACM Press, 921–929. Google ScholarDigital Library
29. Zheng, W., Yong, J.-H., and Paul, J.-C. 2006. Simulation of bubbles. In Proceedings of SCA 2006, Eurographics Association, 325–333. Google ScholarDigital Library