“A frequency based ray tracer” by Bolin and Meyer

A ray tracer has been developed that synthesizes images directly into the frequency domain. This makes it possible to use a simple vision model to control where rays are cast into a scene and to decide how rays should be spawned once an object is intersected. In this manner the most visible artifacts can be removed first and noise can be channeled into those areas of an image where it is least noticeable. The resulting image is produced in a format that is consistent with many image compression and transmission schemes.

1. Albert, A. E. and Gardner Jr., L. A., Stochastic Approximation and Nonlinear Regression, M.I.T. Press: Massachusetts, 1967.
2. Bedford, R. E. and Wyszecki, G. “Axial Chromatic Aberration of the Human Eye,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 564-565, 1957.
3. Bodewig, E., Matrix Calculus, North Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam, 1956.
4. Buchsbaum, G. and Gottschalk, A. “Trichromacy, Opponent Colours Coding and Optimum Colour Information Transmission in the Retina,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Vol. 220, pp. 89-113, 1983.
5. Buchsbaum, G. “Color Signal Coding: Color Vision and Color Television,” Color Research and Application, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 266-269, 1987.
6. Chiu, K., Heft, M., Shirley, E, Swamy, S., Wang, C., and Zimmerman, K., “Spatially Non-Uniform Scaling Functions for High Contrast Images,” Proceedings of Graphics Interface 1993, pp. 245-253, 1993.
7. Cicerone, C. M. and Nerger, J. L., “The Relative Numbers of Long- Wavelength-Sensitive to Middle-Wavelength-Sensitive Cones in the Human Fovea Centralis,” Vision Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 115-128, 1989.
8. DeValois, R. L., Smith, C. J., Karoly, A. J., and Kitai, S. T., “Electrical Responses of Primate Visual System, I. Different Layers of Macaque Lateral Geniculate Nucleus,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 662-668, 1958.
9. Estevez, O., “On the Fundamental Data-base of Normal and Dichromatic Color Vision,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Krips Repro Meppel, Amsterdam 1979.
10. Faugeras, O. D., “Digital Color Image Processing Within the Framework of a Human Visual Model,” IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 380-393, 1979.
11. Gondek, J. S., Meyer, G. W., and Newman, J. G., “Wavelength Dependent Reflectance Functions,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 213-220, 1994.
12. Guenter, B. K., Yun, H. C., and Mersereau, R. M., “Motion Compensated Compression of Computer Animation Frames,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 297-304, 1994.
13. Guth, S. L., Massof, R. W., and Benzschawel, T., “Vector Model for Normal and Dichromatic Color Vision,” J. Opt. Soc. Am., Vol. 70, pp. 197-211, 1980.
14. Hamming, R. W., Digital Filters, Prentice-Hall: New Jersey, 1977.
15. Hurvich, L. M. and Jameson, D., “Some Quantitative Aspects of an Opponent-Colors Theory, II. Brightness, Saturation, and Hue in Normal and Dichromatic Vision,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 45, pp. 602-616, 1955.
16. Ingling, C. R., “The Spectral Sensitivity of the Opponent-Colors Channels,” Vision Research, Vol. 17 pp. 1083-1090, 1977.
17. Jameson, D. and Hurvich, L. M., “Some Quantitative Aspects of an Opponent-Colors Theory, I. Chromatic Responses and Spectral Saturation,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 45, pp. 546-552, 1955.
18. Kirk, D. and Arvo, J., “Unbiased Sampling Techniques for Image Synthesis,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 153-156, 1991.
19. Lee, M. E., and Redner, R. A., “A Note on the Use of Nonlinear Filtering in Computer Graphics,” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 23-29, 1990.
20. Meyer, Gary W., “Wavelength Selection for Synthetic Image Generation,” Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, Vol. 41, pp. 57-79, 1988.
21. Meyer, G. W., and Liu, A., “Color Spatial Acuity Control of a Screen Subdivision Image Synthesis Algorithm,” Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III, Bernice E. Rogowitz, Editor, Proc. SPIE 1666, pp. 387-399, 1992.
22. Mitchell, D. P., “Generating Antialiased Images at Low Sampling Densities,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 65-72, 1987.
23. Mullen, K. T., “The Contrast Sensitivity of Human Colour Vision to Red-Green and Blue-Yellow Chromatic Gratings,” J. Physiol. (Lond.), Vol. 359, pp. 381-400, 1985.
24. Painter, J. and Sloan, K. “Antialiased Ray Tracing by Adaptive Progressive Refinement,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 281-288, 1989.
25. Pearson, D. E., Transmission and Display of Pictorial Information, John Wiley and Sons, 1975.
26. Poirson, A. B. and Wandell, B. A. “Pattern-Color Separable Pathways Predict Sensitivity to Simple Colored Patterns,” to appear in Vision Research, 1996.
27. Powell, M. J. D., “A Theorem on Rank One Modifications to a Matrix and its Inverse,” Computer Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 288-290, 1969.
28. Pratt, W. K., Digital Image Processing, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
29. Rao, K. R. and Yip, R, Discrete Cosine Transform, Academic Press: Boston, 1990.
30. Rushmeier, H. E. and Ward, G. J., “Energy Preserving Non-Linear Filters,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 131-138, 1994.
31. Stark, P. A., Introduction to Numerical Methods, Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York, 1970.
32. Tumblin J. and Rushmeier, H., “Tone Reproduction for Realistic Images,” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, pp. 42- 48, 1993.
33. Ward, G., “The RADIANCE Lighting Simulation and Rendering System,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 459-472, 1994.
34. Ward, G., Rubinstein, E M., and Clear, R. D., “A Ray Tracing Solution for Diffuse Interreflection,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 85-92, 1988.
35. Wallace, G. K., “The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 30-44, 1991.
36. Wallach, D. S., Kunapalli, S., and Cohen, M. E, “Accelerated MPEG Compression of Dynamic Polygonal Scenes,” Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 193-196, 1994.
37. Williams, D. R., MacLeod, D. I. A., and Hayhoe, M. M., “Punctuate Sensitivity of the Blue-Sensitive Mechanism,” Vision Research, Vol. 21, pp. 1357-1375, 1981.