“Twister: a space-warp operator for the two-handed editing of 3D shapes” by Llamas, Kim, Gargus, Rossignac and Shaw

A free-form deformation that warps a surface or solid may be specified in terms of one or several point-displacement constraints that must be interpolated by the deformation. The Twister approach introduced here, adds the capability to impose an orientation change, adding three rotational constraints, at each displaced point. Furthermore, it solves for a space warp that simultaneously interpolates two sets of such displacement and orientation constraints. With a 6 DoF magnetic tracker in each hand, the user may grab two points on or near the surface of an object and simultaneously drag them to new locations while rotating the trackers to tilt, bend, or twist the shape near the displaced points. Using a new formalism based on a weighted average of screw displacements, Twister computes in realtime a smooth deformation, whose effect decays with distance from the grabbed points, simultaneously interpolating the 12 constraints. It is continuously applied to the shape, providing realtime graphic feedback. The two-hand interface and the resulting deformation are intuitive and hence offer an effective direct manipulation tool for creating or modifying 3D shapes.

1. ALLAN, J. B., WYVILL, B., AND WITTEN, I. 1989. A Methodology for Direct Manipulation of Polygon Meshes. New Advances in Computer Graphics (Proceedings of CG International ’89), 451–469.Google Scholar
2. ALLEN, M., BOOK, W., EBERT-UPHOFF, I., ROSEN, D., AND ROSSIGNAC, J., 2001. Digital Clay for Shape Input and Display: NSF-ITR/PE+SY Award#:0121663, September.Google Scholar
3. BARR, A. H. 1984. Global and Local Deformations of Solid Primitives. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 84), 18, 3, 21–30. Google Scholar
4. BILL, J. R., AND LODHA, S. 1994. Computer Sculpting of Polygonal Models using Virtual Tools. Tech. Rep. UCSC-CRL-94-27, Baskin Center for Computer Engineering and Information Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, U.S.A., July. Google ScholarDigital Library
5. BORREL, P., AND BECHMANN, D. 1991. Deformation of n-Dimensional Objects. In SMA ’91: Proceedings of the First Symposium on Solid Modeling Foundations and CAD/CAM Applications, ACM Press, ACM, 351–370. Google Scholar
6. BORREL, P., AND RAPPOPORT, A. 1994. Simple Constrained Deformations for Geometric Modeling and Interactive Design. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 13, 2, 137–155. Google ScholarDigital Library
7. COQUILLART, S. 1990. Extended Free-Form Deformation: A Sculpting Tool for 3D Geometric Modeling. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 90), 24, 4, 187–196. Google Scholar
8. DISCREET, 2002. Discreet 3ds max 5, http://www.discreet.com/products/3dsmax/.Google Scholar
9. FOWLER, B. 1992. Geometric Manipulation of Tensor Product Surfaces. In Proceedings of the 1992 Symposium on Interactive 3D graphics, ACM Press, ACM SIGGRAPH, 101–108. Google Scholar
10. GAIN, J. E., AND DODGSON, N. 1999. Adaptive Refinement and Decimation under Free-Form Deformation. In Eurographics UK ’99, Eurographics.Google Scholar
11. GAIN, J. E. 2000. Enhancing Spatial Deformation for Virtual Sculpting. PhD thesis, St. Johns College, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
12. GALYEAN, T. A., AND HUGHES, J. F. 1991. Sculpting: an Interactive Volumetric Modeling Technique. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 91), 25, 4, 267–274. Google Scholar
13. GARGUS, J., KIM, B., LLAMAS, I., ROSSIGNAC, J., AND SHAW, C. 2002. Finger Sculpting with Digital Clay. Tech. Rep. GIT-GVU-02-22, GVU Center and College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
14. GIBSON, S. F. F., AND MIRTICH, B. 1997. A Survey of Deformable Modeling in Computer Graphics. Tech. Rep. TR-97-19, Mitsubish Electric Research Laboratoy.Google Scholar
15. GOMES, J., DARSE, L., COSTA, B., AND VELHO, L. 1999. Warping and Morphing of Graphical Objects. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. Google Scholar
16. GREISSMAIR, J., AND PURGATHOFER, W. 1989. Deformation of Solids with Trivariate B-splines. In Eurographics ’89, Eurographics, 137–148.Google Scholar
17. GROSSMAN, T., BALAKRISHNAN, R., KURTENBACH, G., FITZMAURICE, G., KHAN, A., AND BUXTON, B. 2002. Creating Principal 3D Curves with Digital Tape Drawing. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Press, ACM SIGCHI, 121–128. Google Scholar
18. HSU, W. M., HUGHES, J. F., AND KAUFMAN, H. 1992. Direct Manipulation of Free-Form Deformations. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 92), 26, 2, 177–184. Google Scholar
19. IGARASHI,T., MATSUOKA, S., AND TANAKA, H. 1999. Teddy: a Sketching Interface for 3D Freeform Design. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 99, ACM Press, ACM SIGGRAPH, 409–416. Google Scholar
20. JAMES,D. L., AND PAI, D. K. 1999. ArtDefo – Accurate Real Time Deformable Objects. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 99, ACM Press, ACM SIGGRAPH, 65–72. Google Scholar
21. LAZARUS, F., COQUILLART, S., AND JANCENE, P. 1994. Axial Deformations: An Intuitive Deformation Technique. Computer Aided Design, 26, 8 (August), 607–613.Google ScholarCross Ref
22. MACCRACKEN, R., AND JOY, K. I. 1996. Free-Form Deformation With Lattices of Arbitrary Topology. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 96, ACM Press, ACM SIGGRAPH, 181–190. Google Scholar
23. METAXAS, D. N. 1996. Physics-Based Deformable Models: Applications to Computer Vision, Graphics, and Medical Imaging. Kluwer Academic Publishers, January. Google Scholar
24. MILLIRON, T., JENSEN, R. J., BARZEL, R., AND FINKELSTEIN, A. 2002. A Framework for Geometric Warps and Deformations. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 21, 1, 20–51. Google ScholarDigital Library
25. NISHINO, H., UTSUMIYA, K., AND KORIDA, K. 1998. 3D Object Modeling Using Spatial and Pictographic Gestures. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, ACM Press, ACM, 51–58. Google Scholar
26. PARENT, R. E. 1977. A System for Sculpting 3-D Data. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 77) (July), 138–147. Google Scholar
27. POLHEMUS, 2002. Polhemus Fastrak, http://www.polhemus.com/ftrakds.htm.Google Scholar
28. ROSSIGNAC, J. R., AND KIM, J. J. 2001. Computing and Visualizing Pose-Interpolating 3D Motions. Computer Aided Design 33, 4, 279–291.Google ScholarCross Ref
29. SACHS, E., ROBERTS, A., AND STOOPS, D. 1991. 3-Draw: a Tool for Designing 3D Shapes. Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE 19, 18–26. Google Scholar
30. SCHKOLNE, S., PRUETT, M., AND SCHROEDER, P. 2001. Surface Drawing: Creating Organic 3D Shapes with the Hand and Tangible Tools. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Press, ACM SIGCHI, 261–268. Google ScholarCross Ref
31. SEDERBERG, T. W., AND PARRY, S. R. 1986. Free-Form Deformation of Solid Geometric Models. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 86), 20, 4, 151–160. Google Scholar
32. SHAW, C., AND GREEN, M. 1997. THRED: A Two-Handed Design System. Multimedia Systems, 5, 2, 126–139. Google ScholarDigital Library
33. SINGH, K., AND FIUME, E. 1998. Wires: A Geometric Deformation Technique. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 98, ACM Press, ACM SIGGRAPH, 405–414. Google ScholarDigital Library
34. SZELISKI, R., AND TONNESEN, D. 1993. Surface Modeling with Oriented Particle Systems. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 93, ACM Press, ACM SIGGRAPH, 185–194. Google Scholar
35. TERZOPOULOS, D., AND FLEISCHER, K. 1988. Modeling Inelastic Deformation: Viscolelasticity, Plasticity, Fracture. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 88), 22, 4, 269–278. Google Scholar
36. TURK, G., AND O’BRIEN, J. F. 2002. Modelling with Implicit Surfaces that Interpolate. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 21, 4, 855–873. Google ScholarDigital Library
37. WESCHE, G., AND SEIDEL, H.-P. 2001. FreeDrawer: a Free-Form Sketching System on the Responsive Workbench. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, ACM Press, ACM, 167–174. Google Scholar
38. YU-KUANG CHANGAND ALYN P. ROCKWOOD. 1994. A Generalized de Casteljau Approach to 3D Free-form Deformation. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 94, ACM Press, ACM SIGGRAPH, 257–260. Google Scholar
39. ZORIN, D., SCHROEDER, P., AND SWELDENS, W. 1997. Interactive Multiresolution Mesh Editing. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 97, ACM Press, ACM SIGGRAPH, 256–268. Google Scholar