“The use of positional information in the modeling of plants” by Prusinkiewicz, Mündermann, Karwowski and Lane

We integrate into plant models three elements of plant representation identified as important by artists: posture (manifested in curved stems and elongated leaves), gradual variation of features, and the progression of the drawing process from overall silhouette to local details. The resulting algorithms increase the visual realism of plant models by offering an intuitive control over plant form and supporting an interactive modeling process. The algorithms are united by the concept of expressing local attributes of plant architecture as functions of their location along the stems.

1. A. H. Barr. Global and Local Deformations of Solid Primitives. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 84, in Computer Graphics, 18, 3, July 1984, pages 21-30.]]
2. D. Barthelemy, Y. Caraglio, and E. Costes. Architecture, Gradients Morphogenetiques et Age Physiologique ches les Vegetaux. In J. Bouchon, Ph. De Reffye, and D. Barthelemy, editors, Modelisation et Simulation de l’Architecture des Vegetaux, pages 89-136. INRA Editions, Paris, 1997.]]
3. R. L. Bishop. There Is More Than One Way to Frame a Curve. Amer. Math. Monthly, 82(3):246-251, March 1975.]]
4. H. Bjornson. Weeds. Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 2000.]]
5. J. Bloomenthal. Modeling the Mighty Maple. Proceedings of SIG- GRAPH 85, in Computer Graphics, 19, 3, July 1985, pages 305-311.]]
6. J. Bloomenthal. Calculation of Reference Frames Along a Space Curve. In A. Glassner, editor, Graphics Gems, pages 567-571. Academic Press, Boston, 1990.]]
7. T. E. Burk, N. D. Nelson, and J. G. Isebrands. Crown Architecture of Short-rotation, Intensively Cultured Populus. III. A Model of Firstorder Branch Architecture. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 13:1107-1116, 1983.]]
8. N. Chomsky. Three Models for the Description of Language. IRE Trans. on Information Theory, 2(3):113-124, 1956.]]
9. P. de Reffye, C. Edelin, J. Francon, M. Jaeger, and C. Puech. Plant Models Faithful to Botanical Structure and Development. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 88, in Computer Graphics 22, 4, August 1988, pages 151-158.]]
10. O. Deussen, P. Hanrahan, B. Lintermann, R. M ech, M. Pharr, and P. Prusinkiewicz. Realistic Modeling and Rendering of Plant Ecosystems. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 98, Annual Conference Series, July, 1998, pages 275-286.]]
11. D. R. Fowler, P. Prusinkiewicz, and J. Battjes. A Collision-based Model of Spiral Phyllotaxis. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92, in Computer Graphics, 26, 2, July 1992, pages 361-368.]]
12. H. Goldstein. Classical Mechanics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1980.]]
13. J. S. Hanan. Parametric L-systems and Their Application to the Modelling and Visualization of Plants. PhD thesis, University of Regina, June 1992.]]
14. A. J. Hanson. Quaternion Gauss Maps and Optimal Framings of Curves and Surfaces. Technical Report 518, Computer Science Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 1998.]]
15. C. Jirasek, P. Prusinkiewicz, and B. Moulia. Integrating Biomechanics into Developmental Plant Models Expressed Using L-systems. In H.- Ch. Spatz and T. Speck, editors, Plant Biomechanics 2000, pages 615- 624. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000.]]
16. J. J. Koenderink. Solid Shape. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1993.]]
17. P. Kruszewski and S. Whitesides. A General Random Combinatorial Model of Botanical Trees. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 191(2):221-236, 1998.]]
18. B. Lintermann and O. Deussen. XFROG 2.0. www.greenworks.de, December 1998.]]
19. B. Lintermann and O. Deussen. Interactive Modeling of Plants. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19(1):56-65, 1999.]]
20. R. M ech. Modeling and Simulation of the Interactions of Plants with the Environment using L-systems and their Extensions. PhD thesis, University of Calgary, October 1997.]]
21. R. M ech and P. Prusinkiewicz. Visual Models of Plants Interacting with their Environment. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96, Annual Conference Series, August, 1996, pages 397-410.]]
22. K. J. Niklas. Plant Allometry: The Scaling of Form and Process. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994.]]
23. P. Oppenheimer. Real Time Design and Animation of Fractal Plants and Trees. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 86, in Computer Graphics, 20, 4, August 1986, pages 151-158.]]
24. W. F. Powell. Drawing Trees. Walter Foster Publishing, Inc., Laguna Hills, CA, 1998.]]
25. P. Prusinkiewicz, J. Hanan, and R. M ech. An L-system-based Plant Modeling Language. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1779, pages 395-410. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000.]]
26. P. Prusinkiewicz, M. James, and R. M ech. Synthetic Topiary. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 94, Annual Conference Series, July, 1994, pages 351-358.]]
27. P. Prusinkiewicz, R. Karwowski, R. Mech, and J. Hanan. L- studio/cpfg: A Software System for Modeling Plants, 2000. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1779, pages 457-464. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000.]]
28. P. Prusinkiewicz and A. Lindenmayer. The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990. With J. S. Hanan, F. D. Fracchia, D. R. Fowler, M. J. M. de Boer, and L. Mercer.]]
29. W. T. Reeves and R. Blau. Approximate and Probabilistic Algorithms for Shading and Rendering Structured Particle Systems. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 85, in Computer Graphics, 19, 3, July 1985, pages 313-322.]]
30. W. R. Remphrey and G. R. Powell. Crown Architecture of Larix laricina Saplings: Quantitative Analysis and Modelling of (nonsylleptic) Order 1 Branching in Relation to Development of the Main Stem. Canadian Journal of Botany, 62(9):1904-1915, 1984.]]
31. J. N. Ridley. Ideal Phyllotaxis on General Surfaces of Revolution. Mathematical Biosciences, 79:1-24, 1986.]]
32. T. Sakaguchi. Botanical Tree Structure Modeling Based on Real Image Set. SIGGRAPH 98 Conference Abstracts and Applications, 1998.]]
33. J. M. Snyder and J. T. Kajiya. Generative Modeling: A Symbolic System for Geometric Modeling. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 92, in Computer Graphics, 26, 2, July 1992, pages 369-378.]]
34. I. Vaisman. A First Course in Differential Geometry. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984.]]
35. H. Vogel. A Better Way to Construct the Sunflower Head. Mathematical Biosciences, 44:179-189, 1979.]]
36. J. Weber and J. Penn. Creation and Rendering of Realistic Trees. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 95, Annual Conference Series, August, 1995, pages 119-128.]]
37. K. West. How to Draw Plants. The Techniques of Botanical Illustration. Timber Press, Portland, OR, 1997.]]
38. E. Wunderlich. Botanical Illustration in Watercolor. Watson-Guptill, New York, 1991.]]