“Intensity fluctuations and natural texturing” by Krueger

A model for texturing of surfaces is introduced based on the concept of light intensity fluctuations. During the evaluation of the reflected intensity in the rendering process a non-Gaussian stochastic component is added which is governed by electromagnetic scattering theory. This component simulates the appearence of macroscopic surface irregularities in the image plane by considering not only the mean value of the intensity, given by the usual specular contribution, but also its variance and autocorrelation function. The variance generates the strength and distribution of the intensity fluctuations and the spatiotemporal auto-correlation function can be used to model the form and temporal development of the texture patterns. With an appropriate choice of a few parameters, soft intensity perturbations and bumpy speckle patterns as well as glint effects can be created.

1. Abramovitz,M., Stegun,I.A. (eds.), Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover, New York, 1964]]
2. Amanatides,J., Realism in Computer Graphics: A Survey, IEEE CC&A, (Jan. 1987), pp. 44-56]]
3. Beckmann,P., Spizzichino,A., The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces, MacMillan, New York, 1963]]
4. Berry,M.V., Twinkling Exponents in the Catastrophe Theory of Random Short Waves, in “Wave Propagation and Scattering”, Uscinski,B.J. (ed.), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986, pp. 11-35]]
5. Blinn,J.F., Models of Light Reflection for Computer Synthesized Pictures, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH’77, (San Jose, California, July 20-23, 1977), In Computer Graphics, Vol. II, 2 (1977), pp. 192-198]]
6. Blinn,J.F., Simulation of Wrinkled Surfaces, Proceeding of SIGGRAPH’78, (Atlanta, Georgia, August 23-25, 1978), In Computer Graphics, Vol. 12, 3 (1978), pp. 286-292]]
7. Cabral,B., Max,N., Springmeyer,R., Bidirectional Reflection Functions from Surface Bump Maps, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH’87 (Anaheim, California, July 27-31, 1987), In Computer Graphics, Vol. 19, 4 (1987), pp. 273-281]]
8. Carey,R.J., Greenberg,D.P., Texture for Realistic Image Synthesis, Comput. & Graphics, Vol. 9, 2 (1985), pp. 125-138]]
9. Cook,R.L., Torrance,K.E., A Reflectance Model for Computer Graphics, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH’81 (Dallas, Texas, August 3-7, 1981), In Computer Graphics, Vol. 13, 3 (1981), pp. 307-316]]
10. Haruyama,S., Barsky,B.A., Using Stochastic Modeling for Texture Generation, IEEE CGA, (March 1984), pp. 7-19]]
11. Heckbert,P.S., Survey of Texture Mapping, IEEE CCG&A, (Nov. 1986), pp. 56-57]]
12. Hoenders,B.J., Jakeman,E., Baltes,H.P., Steinle, B., K – Correlations and Facet Models in Diffuse Scattering, Optica Acta, Vol. 26, (1979), pp. 1307-1319]]
13. Jakeman, E., Pusey,P.N., Non-Gaussian Fluctuations in Electromagnetic Radiation Scattered by a Random Phase Screen, J. Phys. A, Vol. 8, 3 (1975), pp. 369-391]]
14. Jakeman, E., Pusey,P.N., Photon Counting Statistics of Optical Scintillations, in “Inverse Scattering Problems in Optics”, Baltes,H.P. (ed.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980, pp. 73-116]]
15. Jakeman,E., Speckle Statistics with a Small Number of Scatterers, Opt. Engineering, Vol. 23, 4 (Ig84), pp. 453-461]]
16. Kajiya,J.T., Anisotropic Reflection Models, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH’86 (San Francisco, California, July 22-26, 1985), In Computer Graphics, Vol. 19, 3 (1985), pp. 15-21]]
17. Lewis,J.P., Generalized Stochastic Subdivision, ACM Trans. on Graphics, Vol. 6, (July 1987), pp. 167-190]]
18. Pusey,P.N., Statistical Properties of Scattered Radiation, in “Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Velocimetry”, Cummins,H.Z., Pike,E.R. (ads.), Plenum Press, New York, 1977, pp. 45-141]]
19. Sancer,M.I., Shadow-Corrected Electromagnetic Scattering from a Randomly Rough Surface, IEEE Trans. AP, Vol. 17, (1969), pp. 577-585]]
20. Zardecki,A., Statistical Features of Phase Screens from Scattering Data, in “Inverse Source Problems in Optics”, Baltes,H.P. (ed.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1978, pp. 155-189]]