“Floral diagrams and inflorescences: interactive flower modeling using botanical structural constraints” by Ijiri, Owada, Okabe and Igarashi

We present a system for modeling flowers in three dimensions quickly and easily while preserving correct botanical structures. We use floral diagrams and inflorescences, which were developed by botanists to concisely describe structural information of flowers. Floral diagrams represent the layout of floral components on a single flower, while inflorescences are arrangements of multiple flowers. Based on these notions, we created a simple user interface that is specially tailored to flower editing, while retaining a maximum variety of generable models. We also provide sketching interfaces to define the geometries of floral components. Separation of structural editing and editing of geometry makes the authoring process more flexible and efficient. We found that even novice users could easily design various flower models using our technique. Our system is an example of application-customized sketching, illustrating the potential power of a sketching interface that is carefully designed for a specific application.

1. Bell, A. D. 1991. Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2. Boudon, F., Prusinkiewicz, P., Federl, P., Godin, C., and Karwowski, R. 2003. Interactive Design of Bonsai Tree Models. In Proceedings of Eurographics 2003: Computer Graphics Forum, 22, 3, 591–599.Google Scholar
3. Cohen, J., Markosian, L., Zeleznik, R., Hughes, J., and Barzel, R. 1999. An Interface for Sketching 3D Curves. In Proceedings of ACM 13D 99, 17–21. Google ScholarDigital Library
4. Deussen, O. and Lintermann, B. 1997. A Modeling Method and User Interface for Creating Plants. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 97, 189–197. Google ScholarDigital Library
5. Deussen O. and Lintermann, B. 1999. Interactive Modeling of Plants. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19, 1, 56–65. Google ScholarDigital Library
6. Eggli. L., Hsu, C., Elber, G., and Bruderlin, B. 1997. Inferring 3D Models from Freehand Sketches and Constraints. Computer-Aided Design, 29, 2, 101–112.Google ScholarCross Ref
7. Hara, N., 1994. Syokubutu Keitaigaku (Plant Morphology). Sasakura Shoten 1994 (In Japanese).Google Scholar
8. Igarashi, T., Matsuoka, S., and Tanaka, H. 1999. Teddy: A Sketching Interface for 3D Freeform Design. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 99, ACM, 409–416. Google ScholarDigital Library
9. Lindenmayer, A. 1968. Mathematical Models for Cellular Interactions in Development, I & II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 280–315.Google Scholar
10. Lintermann, B. and Deussen, O. 1996. Interactive Modelling and Animation of Branching Botanical Structures. In Proceedings of Eurographics Workshop on Computer Animation and Simulation 96, 139–151. Google ScholarDigital Library
11. Lipson, H. and Shpitalni, M. 1996. Identification of Faces in a 2D Line Drawing Projection of a Wireframe Object. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 18, 10, 1000–1012. Google ScholarDigital Library
12. Mech, R. and Prusinkiewicz, P. 1996. Visual Models of Plants Interacting with Their Environment. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 96, ACM, 397–410. Google ScholarDigital Library
13. Pentland, A. and Kuo, J. 1989. The Artist at the Interface. Vision and Modeling Technical Report 114, MIT Media Lab.Google Scholar
14. Prusinkiewicz, P., and Lindenmayer, A. 1990. The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990. With J. S. Hanan, F. D. Fracchia, D. R. Fowler, M. J. M. de Boer, and L. Mercer. Google ScholarDigital Library
15. Prusinkiewicz, P., Hammel, M., Hanan, J., and Mech, R. 1996. L-systems: From the Theory to Visual Models of Plants. In Proceedings of the 2nd CSIRO Symposium on Computational Challenges in Life Sciences.Google Scholar
16. Prusinkiewicz, P., James, M., and Mech, R. 1994. Synthetic Topiary. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 94, ACM, 351–358. Google ScholarDigital Library
17. Prusinkiewicz, P., Mündermann L., Karwowski, R., and Lane, B. 2001. The Use of Positional Information in the Modeling of Plants. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, ACM, 289–300. Google ScholarDigital Library
18. Pugh, D. 1992 Designing Solid Objects Using Interactive Sketch Interpretation, Computer Graphics, 25, 2, 117–126.Google Scholar
19. Shimizu, T., 2001. Syokubutu Yougo Jiten (Dictionary of Botanical Terms). Yasaka Shobou (in Japanese).Google Scholar
20. Tanaka, T., Naito, S., and Takahashi, T. 1989. Generalized Symmetry and its Application to 3D Shape Generation, Visual Computer, 5, 83–94.Google ScholarCross Ref
21. Tobita, H., and Rekimoto, J. 2003. Flat3D: A Shared Virtual 3D World System for Creative Activities and Communication, IPSJ JOURNAL, 44, 2, IPSJ, 245-255 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
22. Zeleznik, R. C., Herndon, K. P., and Hughes, J. F. 1996. SKETCH: An Interface for Sketching 3D Scenes. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 96, ACM, 163–170. Google ScholarDigital Library